Total for 6 turns: \( 6 \times 1.181 \approx 7.086 \) m.
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- But to fix:
- Assume radius r = 0.1 m (typical for small welds).
- Then per turn: path length = \( \sqrt{(2\pi \times 0.1)^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt{(0.6283)^2 + 1} \approx \sqrt{0.394 + 1} = \sqrt{1.394} \approx 1.181 \) m.
- Time = \( \frac{1.5}{0.5} = 3 \) seconds.
- But too messy.
- Alternative: drop radius, but use only linear projection? No.
